The Process and Applications of Synthetic Biology

In today’s society, there is the constant push in the science field to discover or create something new that will redefine society’s outlook on a certain subject. Most look to uncover large discoveries, but this experiment looks toward the microscopic level. Synthetic biology is a very useful tool that can lead to milestones in the science field. Synthetic biology is the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems. It focuses on the whole system of genes and gene products to extend and modify the behavior of organisms and engineer them to perform new tasks.(Andrianantoandro) Synthetic biology has to be done in a specific way to achieve the desired product. The process begins with synthetic biologists using resources and machinery of host cells. They will modify the cells themselves as well as engineer devices for the cell. It is very important that the product is reliable and predictable. This can be achieved by statistically using large number s of independent cells or by synchronizing individual cells through intercellular communication. Intercellular communication makes each cell more predictable and reliable, and can coordinate tasks across heterogeneous cell populations to yield highly sophisticated behavior. Therefore, multicellular systems are more reliable in performing complex tasks.(Andrianantoandro) Although synthetic biology is still an up and coming field, there are applications in society that are used today. Scientist John Melo, ChiefShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Synthetic Biology1324 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Fundamental research Synthetic biology has a lot to offer in fundamental research. Starting from the most well characterised laboratory organism, E.coli, we are still in half way from full knowledge of understanding the function of all its genes as the functions of 20% of them are still to be identified (Keseler et al., 2011). Moreover there are many more other microorganisms with great importance which are even less-well understood. Synthetic biology provides the ability to make specificRead MoreMicroorganisms In Environment927 Words   |  4 Pagesin behaviour and the fate of microbes in the environment though it is currently a big challenge. Despite challenges in knowledge gap, conducting and designing experiments in containment is vital in acquiring sufficient data to inform synthetic biology applications for deliberate release (ACRE, 2014). Structured expert knowledge elicitation and the need for the provision of guidelines associated with structured protocols for information elicitation cannot be overlooked. Such information can beRead MoreSynthetic Biology Therapies And Treatment Of Infectious Diseases And Cancer Therapies1490 Words   |  6 Pagesthe biomedicine and pharmaceutical industry. Synthetic biology therapies has been developed for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer, as well as approaches in vaccine development (Ruder et al., 2011). As Ruder et al. (2011) have discovered, effective synthetic biology therapies can been rationally designed and constructed to alter mechanisms underlying disease and related biological processes. In the process of developing synthetic biology for prevention of infection, bacteriophages haveRead MoreIs It Morally Sound To Create The Perfect Human Being Using Genetic Changing Technology Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagespregnancy process, however some people do not believe it would be right for it to be available to anyone. And I have to say that I agree with this, beyond the shadow of a doubt. There is also another concern people have about this â€Å"synthetic biology† the concern is that, it could really effect some peoples health. The reason for people being scared about this, is that we do not know the effets this type of science would have on the human body, or on the environment. Through out â€Å"Applications, BenefitsRead MoreImportance Of Synthetic Biology : High-Technology Perishable Designs952 Words   |  4 PagesHigh-tech Perishable Designs - Synthetic Biology Our journey of moving from homogenous to heterogeneous, from bio-mimicry to synthetic biology, of rationally engineer microorganisms dates back to 1990s. Synthetic biology—unlike chemistry—is involved in the technical alteration of animate nature. Building on recent advances in genetic science and technology, synthetic biology aims to understand the molecular fundamentals of the metabolic and reproductive functions of simple single-cell organisms preciselyRead MoreThe Use Of Biosynthetic Organisms761 Words   |  4 Pagesmedicines (Trosset Carbonell, 2015). Now, synthetic cells are used as miniature biological factories to produce antimicrobial and anticancer nanoparticles (Trosset Carbonell, 2015). Engineered genetic circuits in synthetic cells are also used to decipher disease mechanisms, or a drug’s mechanism of action, and to study cell to cell communication within groups of bacteria (Trosset Carbonell, 2015). Synthetic biology is already being used for clinical applications (May, 2015). For example, a group ofRead MoreTechnology : The Promise, Peril, And New Business Of Engineering Life1681 Words   |  7 Pagesridiculous. However, this has all happened as science fiction has turned into reality. We are at a similar point with synthetic biology today as the field is poised to revolutionize the world in ways that we don’t seem to understand yet. Robert Carlson, a principal at Biodesic and a bioengineer, has attempted to describe this concept nearly ten years ago in a book called Biology Is Technology: The Promise, Peril, and New Business of Engineering Life. He is often referred to as the â€Å"authoritativeRead MoreChemistry And Application Of Click Chemistry1411 Words   |  6 PagesClick Chemistry and Application Zhuo Wang Abstract: Discuss the history, mechanism and application of â€Å"Click chemistry†. Through the introduction of â€Å"Click chemistry†, demonstrate the role it plays in chemical biology filed, the typical synthesis way of this concept, and current application in drug synthesis and research. Keywords: Click chemistry, vivo system, Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, CuAAC, Diels-Alder reaction Introduction: The phrase click chemistry was invented by K. Barry SharplessRead MoreThe Emergence Of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria934 Words   |  4 Pages Evolution is a gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form. Charles Darwin proposed a theory, now called the Theory of Evolution, stating that animals differentiated into species when the survivors of a changing environment were able to pass their genetic traits to their offspring. The theory of evolution is a scientific theory that can be tested by observations and application of the scientific method. Support for the theory of evolution isRead MoreAnimal Health Industry : An Essential Part Of Owning Companion Animals Or Husbandry1040 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes not follow a complete discovery process but uses something known to develop new products by combining synthetic biology and synthetic chemistry. Other companies co-founded by Acidophil are Population Genetics Technologies, Ltd., A rginetix, Inc., ZuvaChem, LLC, and AgriMetis, LLC (Acidophil, 2014). Project Goals and Objectives Acidophil aims to recognize and attain innovative and protectable natural product or natural product derivatives that have applications in the companion animal or livestock

Professional Values And Ethics Of Social Work - 961 Words

Social Work is a distinctive practice and an ever-changing field in our world today. A few especially intriguing aspects of this profession are the wide spectrum of its professional values and ethics, appreciation for human diversity, and the emphasis on social and economic justice. With such widespread approaches and focuses, a master degree in Social Work would open endless and exciting possibilities for my future. However, I believe that before a career is even considered, one must examine their personal motivations and influences. Social Work has been my primary career choice for years and no other path has caught my attention. Many of my life experiences have led me to the profession of social work. Throughout my life, others have told me that aiding people who are experiencing crisis is my gift, and social work is a profession that would give me the fulfillment and satisfaction that comes from helping others. I cannot remember a time in my life that becoming a social worker did not seem right. I feel like my whole life I have wanted to be a social worker and, as clichà © as it may sound, each year this unexplained feeling has become stronger. More specifically, my personal interest in the social work field was solidified when I lived with my aunt. My inclination to become a social worker rose out of three-years of interaction and counseling sessions with my aunt’s nightly bruises and screams. At the age of 13, my father lost his job and became severelyShow MoreRelatedProfessional Values And Ethics Of Social Work1429 Words   |  6 Pages Social Work is a distinctive practice and an ever-changing field in our world today. A few especially intriguing aspects of this profession are the wide spectrum of its professional values and ethics, appreciation for human diversity, and the emphasis on social and economic justice. With such widespread approaches and focuses, a master s degree in Social Work would open endless and exciting possibilities for my future. However, I believe that before a career is even considered, one must examineRead MoreMy Personal Values: Professional Ethics Are the Foundation of Social Work1798 Words   |  7 PagesA career in Social Work requires conviction to personal values that reflect and uphold the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics. Professional ethics are the foundation of social work, as the trade has an innate obligation to endorse ethical principles and basic values to advocate for the wellness of others. The core values adopted by all social workers, as di stinguished by NASW, are service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationshipsRead MoreProfessional Values and Ethics Paper1122 Words   |  5 Pages-1 Professional Values and Ethics Paper Rhonda Beron, Andrea De Los Santos, Emilie Goodman, and LaToya Sims GEN/200 August 16, 2010 Andrea Lara Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship among professional values, ethics, and career success. A person’s personal values and ethics can influence their professional values and ethics in the workplace. Finding the right balance between personal and professional views in the workplace will help foster a successful careerRead MoreValues Ethics in Social Work 1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In this essay, we have been asked to critically assess the professional values in the ‘British Association of Social Work’ (BASW). With this the concepts of ethics and how this operates in social work practice and analyse the general role in governing and representatives bodies in social work practice†. Values are described as set of rules and guides in the right and wrong decisions we make. Values facilitates the decisions in recognising what is worthy and valuable, with this, weighs out the importantRead MoreAnalysis Of Eric Katz s Nazi Engineers 931 Words   |  4 PagesWe currently live in a world sculpted by the work of technologic professionals. As the significance of the choices made by engineers increases, it has become more and more important to ensure that these choices are ethically correct.Through analysis of Eric Katz’s Nazi Engineers, it is clear that societies ethics ultimately determine the direction in which society moves. Katz writes this essay with the purpose to educate his students about Nazi ethics so that they can avoid the moral reasoning usedRead MoreSocial Welfare Essay719 Words   |  3 Pagesthe same. Some of these routines, would include education, social life, and most important of all career perspectives. Rules and procedures vary from the different business you apply to however do the different rules and procedures vary from the countries that business thrive from? The purpose of this essay is to describe the differences and similarities from the National Association of Social Workers and the International Federation of Social Workers. The difference between the NASW and IFSW is thatRead MoreThe Codes Of Ethics Of The American Counseling Association1667 Words   |  7 PagesComparison Professional associations establish codes of ethics to ensure that clinicians uphold the standards of their association in order to protect the clients they serve and the profession they are affiliated with. This paper will compare the codes of ethics of the American Counseling Association (ACA), American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), and National Association of Social Workers (NASW). ACA Code of Ethics The ACA is an educational, scientific, and professional organizationRead MorePersonal Values And Professional Ethics1453 Words   |  6 PagesSometimes a social worker can experience conflicts and ethical dilemmas in the practice, and the decision-making process requires a separation form the personal values and professional ethics. One conflict that may arise while working with a client is keeping personal feelings and values separated from the professional role. In the case, social worker Ajia Meux is working she is faced with some conflicts that can intertwine with her personal values and professional ethics. She was concerned withRead MoreThe Difference Between Professionalism And Ethics1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe difference between professionalism and ethics is professionalism talks about staying professional within your business and always staying up to par about what is going on within a business. Ethics talks about the study of decisions and moral judgment. Ethics is the study of what should be, what is the ultimate good and how to achieve it. People have always thought that the primary purpose of business is to serve society. Business must have a society commitment otherwise businesses cannot enjoyRead MoreRole Of Corporate Ethics On Financial Performance945 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Value Clusters in Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Performance: A Study of Financial Professionals and Implications for the Financial Meltdown. The key of the abstract is to demonstrate the influence of corporate ethics on financial performance. The financial meltdown negatively influenced top management mindset regarding professional ethics (p. 15). Introduction. The authors study 2008 collapse of financial system to analyze the link between organizational values, social responsibility

Wildlife Trafficking Primate Ecology and Conservation

Question: Discuss about the Wildlife Trafficking for Primate Ecology and Conservation. Answer: Introduction: In the current world we live in, business has had a major impact on peoples lives as well as improving the countrys economy. This is not the case as people try and misinterpret and go to a point of doing illegal business. Wildlife trafficking, being amongst the most illegal practiced trade is evident to generate a lot of income; however, it has its disadvantages too. Wildlife trade is defined as the buying and selling of products that are extracted from non-domesticated animals or plants from their original natural environment (Peyton, 2009). This essay will provide clear information about how the wildlife is subject to hazardous substances that also affect the whole nation. It will contain information and concerns that should be taken in order to protect the wildlife creatures and their habitants or to minimize the negative effects this kind of trade activity brings about (Wyatt, 2013). The products can involve dead or living body parts such as bones, skins, horns or even meat. This kind of business is both illegal and legal. Talking of legality, it is regulated by the United Nations Convection on International trade in Endangered Species of wild Fauna and Flora (CITIES). Compared to selling of drugs and weapons, illegal wildlife trading is considered as one of the major illegal economic activities carried out. According to research carried out by CITIES, it is recorded that every fifteen minutes one wild animal is killed because of its skin, horns and tusks. One of the animals that is majorly focused on is the elephant. Nearly 100- 200 elephants are recorded to have been killed in a day, totaling up to 40,000 elephants in the whole year (Eleanor, 2013). It is a challenge in the environment we are currently in as a continuous practice of this act could make the species extinct. Through both the local and the international market, there has been an issue of high levels of wildlife trade, which has been a challenge as it has been affected by the long history on wildlife interventions. The main factor that keeps the poachers going is the profits they get from selling the skins and tusks. (Sara, 2014). Other reasons for practicing poaching is to gain clothes and food. Not all animals get poached because of their horns, some get killed because of their skin which is used as clothing such as handbags and shoes or even ornaments by human beings as other engage in poaching for food. Wildlife is a general term that is used by all users of wildlife products. Their uses include practicing of traditional rituals or religious uses, bush meat as a source of food and as a form of trade. Wildlife use is usually related to hunting and poaching. Wildlife trade can be categorized into two that is legal and illegal trade, and both can have local or international markets. However, there might be often relation between the two trades. Often, the trade includes the trade of living individuals of wildlife species for zoological institutions. These individuals are sometimes considered as semi- domesticated or bred during the captivity for the purpose of trade. Wildlife trade has a wide range of negative side-effects (Daan, 2016). These negative effects affect both the environment, population and the local surrounding community. We are currently living in a timeline where our ecosystem is depreciating (David, 2012). Due to its sensitivity, it is our priority to preserve the wild animals and ensure they are secure. Poaching is also known as stealing and or killing of animals for their products illegally. It is dangerous to the environment as it can lead to the endangerment of different species available in the environment. The survival of species located at a specific environment, depends on the environmental ecosystem, health and balance. One of the greatest fears and threat to wildlife animals is extinction of species. An example of an endangered wildlife is rhino and elephants. A type of rhinos that is extinct is the black rhinoceros (Gary, 2016). With the remaining subspecies of the black rhino are highly endangered as they are believed to carry healing properties in their horns. The death of these animals through poaching will make these species extinct and as with their healing properties the government will be forced to look for different sources for the healing properties. Poaching is harsher than other jobs available, a reality that is faced by many communities and the government (Martin, 2013). According to research by Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) And Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS), the elephant population is being lost to the poaching crisis especially for the ivory. This therefore reduces the number of elephants and thus challenging tourism directly. Furthermore, the study by ETIS says revenue lost is much higher than paying for the anti-poaching measures. The study looked at the tourists and elephants data in several countries and concluded that there were losses financially due to less tourists in protected areas because of illegal wildlife trade. In summary, poaching is an activity that has to end otherwise the animals will become extinct. Various organizations and the government have rules are set to deal with poachers, but this move does not seem to be enough. Poachers should be punished by law with a very harsh and even a higher fine and penalty. Although this has been implemented in many countries poaching is still happening and people get away in different circumstances. This entails a quick coverage of wildlife trading, its general meaning, reasons of practicing the trade as a business activity and a brief on the impacts it has to the countrys economy that is tourism and the environment. Important topics such as poaching of the wild animals and its general importance the major points that is discussed in this essay. References Daan, P., (2016). The Illegal Wildlife Trade. London: Springer. David, G., (2012). Biotic Evolution and Environmental Change in Southern Asia. London: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved on 28th April 2017 from https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=02YgAwAAQBAJdq=wildlife+tradesource=gbs_navlinks_s Eleanor, S., (2013). Primate Ecology and conservation. United States of America: OUP Oxford. Retrieved on 28th April 2017 from https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=6rgPMqshiUECdq=wildlife+tradesource=gbs_navlinks_s Gary, R.P., (2016). The Geography of Environmental Crime: Conservation, Wildlife Crime and Environmental Activism. London: Springer. Martin, B., (2013). illegal Markets and the Economics of Organized Crimes. New York: Routledge. Peyton, F., (2009). The Economics of Agricultural and Wildlife Smuggling. United States of America: DIANE Publishing Sara, O., (2014). The Trade in Wildlife. New York: Routledge. Wyatt, T., (2013). Wildlife Trafficking. London: Springer.

Bangladesh European Business And Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Bangladesh European Business And Management? Answer: Introduction This particular project aims to find the particular issues related to the textile industry. The home state that has been chosen is Bangladesh (Ali Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2016). This is because the workforce in Bangladesh in regards to the particular industry maintains a higher degree of quality. However, the major problem that has been pointed out in this study is the communication gap and the distance barrier between the home state and the host states that are Canada, United States of America and a few countries of Europe (Ali Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2016). Home State The textile industry plays a major role in the growth of economy in Bangladesh. A major portion of the industrial employment and export earnings in the economy of Bangladesh has been contributed by the textile industry (Curran Nadvi, 2015). The majority of the workers in this particular industry has been women thus facilitating a viable means for the channelizing of women empowerment. The textile industry in Bangladesh can be broadly categorized into two types of major industries like the backward linkage industries and the forward linkage industries (Curran Nadvi, 2015). The type of business that is majorly carried out by the home state that is Bangladesh is the Horizontal oriented textile mill and the vertically oriented textile mill. The horizontal oriented textile mill is majorly the factory or mills that constitute of the heavy weight large machineries (Habib, 2016). The vertically oriented textile mills on the other hand are the mills that have been constructed on a multistoried type building. This type of mills generally consists of light weight machinery (Habib, 2016). The sequences of the process or the steps that are involved in the manufacturing process are arranged on the basis of the output of the product. The textile companies in Bangladesh essentially consist of the RMG sector, the packaging, and the printing sector in relation to the textile products that essentially have been manufactured by the domestic facilities in Bangladesh (Curran Nadvi, 2015). Tasks in Home state The textile industry if analyzed essentially consists of two major production processes. The first manufacturing process involves the fundamental activities that has been conducted by the labor or the work force in Bangladesh (Underhill, 2016). The formal companies in Bangladesh that are labeled as textile companies promote the printing, packaging, advertising, marketing and other related activities that are required for selling the products (Habib, 2016). The major sectors that have been included in the manufacture of the major textile products are spinning, weaving, knitting, dyeing and finishing, apparel or garments, jute, sericulture, hand loom and power loom. The different textile products that is associated with the textile industry in Bangladesh are yarn, grey knit fabric, grey woven fabric, dyed or printed fabric, men and women wear, carpet, twine, hessian, sacking, silk yarn, silk fabric and other hand loom or power loom related products (Underhill, 2016). The different unions and associations that regulate the textile market in Bangladesh are as follows: Bangladesh Textile Mills and Exporters Association (BTMEA) Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BKMEA) Specialized Textiles Power Loom Manufacturers and Exporters Association Bangladesh Dyed Yarn Exporters Association (BDYEA) The three fundamental factors that have improved and provided the required boost to the textile industry in Bangladesh are that the country is filled up with resources, opportunities and beneficial governmental policies. Bangladesh also facilitates a huge number of labor workers or the labor workforce that is a crucial portion of the textile industry (Seddiqe Basak, 2014). Moreover, the costs related to the textile business that is the natural gas and cost of energy is cheaper in Bangladesh. The huge population in Bangladesh also facilitates the production of labor-intensive products (Seddiqe Basak, 2014). Product There are a numerous products that have been facilitated by the textile sector in Bangladesh. The present scenario of the textile sector in Bangladesh is as follows: Spinning sector the different types of yarns have been produced at this particular sector. Weaving section the numerous designs in relation to woven fabric has been promoted by this sector. Power loom sector the major specialized and synthetic products are produced by this sector Hand loom sector this sector is concerned with the production of the traditional apparels of Bangladesh Knitting the knitting products that have been produced by this sector Dyeing products RMG sector Sericulture sector is concerned with the production of the silk worm, cocoon, silk yarn and fabric related products Jute sector is concerned with the jute related products. Host state The host state that has been selected is Canada, United States of America and a few countries in Europe. The textile industry in United States of America has been one of the top manufacturing sectors with 229,000 workers. The recent investment in the textile industry in United States has been of an amount of $1.7 billion (Hasanbeigi Price, 2015). The particular industry has been facilitating the export of the textiles which increased by 31% between the financial years of 2009 to 2015 (Hasanbeigi Price, 2015). The textile industry in the European Union has been facilitated by an annual turnover of EUR 166 billion (Underhill, 2016). The particular industry also employs over 1.7 million people. This particular sector has been diverse. The textile industry also plays an important role in the European manufacturing industry (Underhill, 2016). The Canadian textile industry also holds a strong textile market and also supplies a wide range of value added products to a huge number of consumers over the country (Underhill, 2016). However, the particular problem faced by all these industries is an improved and quality work force that is only available in Bangladesh. Developing and selling of textile products in Canada: Over the last decade, Canada has witnesses a production shift to the production and development of technical and non-woven textiles from traditional textile manufacturing. Growth in textile industry has been driven due to the taxation-law advances in textile sciences, new technique implementation and stronger industrial knowledge. The importing of textiles in Canada is affected by amendment of import control list under the export and import permit act (Curran Nadvi, 2015). Due to advancement in technical knowledge, textile products have experienced rapid expansion. This has led to development of new textile related products that can have multiple applications such as infrastructure, medical, construction, agriculture, transportation and safety (Ansary Barua, 2015). Therefore, rapid increase in demand of textile product in Canada will help Bangladesh to increase selling of their textile products. Developing and selling of textile products in USA and other countries of Europe: United States does not impose any quota and tariff on textile products and there are no quantitative restrictions in country. Development of textile products in the country requires the establishments of process fiber into fabric and fabric into textile products (Yunus Yamagata, 2014). Existing textile mills in US will help Bangladesh to export semi manufactured textile products by transformation of synthetic and natural products into yard, fiber and threads. Productivity in textiles in being boosted by advanced machineries (Seddiqe Basak, 2014). Other functions such as cutting, design and pattern making is assisted by computer-controlled equipment. Development of product life cycle management has received contribution from computer aided design system. For selling of textile products, technique of direct marketing can be used by exporters of Bangladesh (Ansary Barua, 2015). In the world market, Europe is regarded as leader in textile industry and in order to maintain the competitiveness of this particular sector, many countries have undergone some radical changes. A wide range of activities is covered in textile industry of European countries ranging from transformation of synthetic and natural fibers into fabrics and yarns (Hasan et al., 2016). The competitiveness of textile products are improved by concentrating on wide variety of higher value products. Development of textile products in European countries will be done in the form of higher value products so that textile industry is strengthened (Trade.gov, 2018). Transportation of goods to customers: This particular section deals with the supply chain management and logistics system of textile industries in European countries. Method- The method of transporting textile products will be done within the same country where the semi-manufactured goods are exported. It might incorporates road and rail transport. Movement of textile products via road incorporates different cargoes that are from air to truck and truck to rail (Curran Nadvi, 2015). Regulations of trucking industry in countries are done in terms of licensing, highway regulations and overall equipment. Transportation of goods via the road requires standard packaging of commercial documentation (Mazumder Mitra, 2017) .Service options for truck transport involves small parcel services, specialty shipment and expedited deliveries (Alam Natsuda, 2016). Rail transport will help in transporting of goods and some of rail equipment involves hopper cars, Gondolas, boxcars, trailers, automobile cars and flat cars. Delivery time- Delivery dates are based upon all the required information of vendors and buyers. Delivery time frame varies country by country as they are framed based on different parameters (Wahid, 2017). Tariff considerations: Tariffs and non-tariffs barriers to trade: The challenge faced by USA concerning technical textile exporters and the demand of products in the country is limited due to protectionist policies like imposition of non-automatic import license and higher tariffs (international.gc.ca, 2018). Under the provisions of Canadian Customs tariff regulations, importations of certain commodities are prevented. The administrations of import and export permits are the responsibility of export and import control Bureau (Tanvir et al., 2015). Some of the non-tariff barriers in the host countries such as USA and Canada are assessed by a translated copy of technical regulations, problematic areas identification and standards background and difference in procedures of their compliance. Pricing and domestic competition: The rates of duty negotiated will be applicable to US and Canada with respect to most of the textile products. Export of apparels will have access to levels of tariff preferences (Alam Natsuda, 2016). Market of both the countries along with European countries is the most accessible markets for textile products (Haque Azmat, 2015). However, there are some challenges faced regarding this are documentation of customs, pre packages textile goods requirement, bilingual labels in French and English and advertisement requirements. OECD claims: OECD claims is about the implementation of due diligence guidance in the technical industry and helps in addressing emerging risks in the sector. Such claims help in the transformation of textile industry for both the exporting as well as importing countries. It makes companies operating in different regions to prevent, identify, mitigate and account for negative impacts on the supply chain of textile industry. Promulgation of textile industry is done by the promoted international efforts with standards of due diligence (international.gc.ca, 2018). Companies are provided with detailed guidance on notice period length, compensation following the unfair dismissal, maximum cumulated durations of successive standards (Ansary Barua, 2015). It leads to explanation and illustrations for ensuring the equal treatments of agency workers and regular workers. References Alam, M. S., Natsuda, K. (2016). The competitive factors of the Bangladeshi garment industry in the post-MFA era.Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienned'tudes du dveloppement,37(3), 316-336. Ali, M., Moudud-Ul-Huq, S. (2016). Textile Industry in Bangladesh: An Analysis of CVP. Management Studies and Economic Systems, 54(4144), 1-12. Ansary, M. A., Barua, U. (2015). Workplace safety compliance of RMG industry in Bangladesh: Structural assessment of RMG factory buildings.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,14, 424-437. Curran, L., Nadvi, K. (2015). Shifting trade preferences and value chain impacts in the Bangladesh textiles and garment industry. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8(3), 459-474. Curran, L., Nadvi, K. (2015). Shifting trade preferences and value chain impacts in the Bangladesh textiles and garment industry.Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society,8(3), 459-474. Habib, M. R. I. (2016). Backward Linkages in the Ready Made Garment Industry of Bangladesh: Appraisal and Policy Implications. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 129-146. Haque, M. Z., Azmat, F. (2015). Corporate social responsibility, economic globalization and developing countries: A case study of the readymade garments industry in Bangladesh.Sustainability accounting, management and policy journal,6(2), 166-189. Hasan, K. F., Mia, M. S., Rahman, M. M., Ullah, A. A., Ullah, M. S. (2016). Role of Textile and Clothing Industries in the Growth and Development of Trade Business Strategies of Bangladesh in the Global Economy.International Journal of Textile Science,5(3), 39-48. Hasanbeigi, A., Price, L. (2015). A technical review of emerging technologies for energy and water efficiency and pollution reduction in the textile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 95, 30-44. Mazumder, M. M. M., Mitra, R. K. (2017). Corporate Life Cycle and Debt Financing: Evidence from Bangladesh. Mondal, M. I. H., Ahmed, F. (2016). Synthesis and grafting of carboxymethyl cellulose from environmental pollutant cellulosic wastes of textile industry. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 20(3), 126-135. Rakib, M. I., Saidur, R., Mohamad, E. N., Afifi, A. M. (2017). Waste-heat utilizationThe sustainable technologies to minimize energy consumption in Bangladesh textile sector. Journal of cleaner production, 142, 1867-1876. Seddiqe, M. I. S., Basak, A. (2014). Importance of Human Resource Management and the Competitive Advantage: A case analysis on basis of the Textile Industry of Bangladesh. Global Journal of Management And Business Research. Seddiqe, M. I. S., Basak, A. (2014). Importance of Human Resource Management and the Competitive Advantage: A case analysis on basis of the Textile Industry of Bangladesh.Global Journal of Management And Business Research. Stanwick, P., Stanwick, S. (2015). The garment industry in Bangladesh: A human rights challenge. Journal of Business Economic Policy, 2(4), 40-44. Tanvir, S. I., Goswami, S., Muqaddim, N. (2015). Amalgamation and Justifying the SCP in RMG Sector of Bangladesh.European Journal of Business and Management,7, 22. Textiles Clothing. (2018).GAC. Retrieved 4 February 2018, from https://www.international.gc.ca/controls-controles/textiles/index.aspx?lang=eng Trade.gov. (2018). Retrieved 4 February 2018, from https://www.trade.gov/topmarkets/pdf/Textiles_Top_Markets_Report.pdf Underhill, G. (2016). Industrial crisis and the open economy: politics, global trade and the textile industry in the advanced economies. Springer. Wahid, M. (2017). Inception, Survival and Success of Bangladesh Ready-made Garments Industry in World Economy.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,3(4). Wong, W. P., Veneziano, V., Mahmud, I. (2016). Usability of Enterprise Resource Planning software systems: an evaluative analysis of the use of SAP in the textile industry in Bangladesh. Information Development, 32(4), 1027-1041. Yunus, M., Yamagata, T. (2014). Bangladesh: marketing force supersedes control. InThe Garment Industry in Low-Income Countries(pp. 77-104). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Night Essays (369 words) - Human Rights Abuses, Holocaust Literature

Night Night, by Elie Wiesel is an autobiography including the main characters Elie, his family, and all the victims of the holocaust. The main idea of this book is to get people to realize the pain and suffering of the Jewish people during the Holocaust. Because of cruel incidents, people's emotions go numb. They had no lives. The Jewish prisoners went to any length to stay alive; lying, killing, and even betraying family. Jewish prisoners knew nothing about how to survive the deadly camp of Auschwitz. Most Jewish prisoners were thrown into ditches to burn if not the right age or if they looked too weak to work. Elie and his father lied about their ages to pass the first selection. By lying about their ages, they were viewed as more fit to work. The prisoners actually came to realize "Work is liberty" at Auschwitz. Lying became common among the Jews to pass selections. Rations of food were scarce, thus killing for crumbs were occurrences that happened daily. For instance, a son fought his father for bread. "Meir. Meir, my boy! Don't you recognize me? I'm your father... you're hurting me...you're killing your father! I've got some bread...for you too...for you too...." This shows how the Holocaust made people genocidal. Feelings left their souls on the first day at camp, for when someone died no one cared. Family betraying family took place during marches to new camps. A boy and his father had to run as fast as they could for as long as possible until the S.S. soldiers said they could stop. The penalty would be death if a prisoner decided to slow down. A boy realized his father was weak and starting to slow down with him and instead of slowing down with him, the boy decided to run faster and leave his father for dead, for his own protection. Could you even imagine what the Holocaust would be like in todays world? After thinking about actions that took place during this time period, could there be another Holocaust? No one really knows what could happen. Aren't their events that take place in racism crimes today around the world that makes us think there could be a Holocaust two? Lets hope that our society doesn't corrupt bad enough for it to happen again but, only time can tell.

Three Plagues essays

Three Plagues essays For various reasons throughout history and throughout the world humans have been devastated by pandemics, epidemics, and endemics that have nearly wiped out populations entirely. This paper will overview just a few of the most devastating of these epidemics which will include the black plague, smallpox, and cholera. Black Plague 1347-1844: The most devastating of all epidemics was the black plague or bubonic plague which actually turned into a pandemic. In 1347 rats and fleas boarded Italian Genoese merchant ships at Caffa on the Black Sea. These ships passed through the Dardanelles, sailed to Messina (Sicily), Pisa, Genoa, Marseilles, and to Egypt. As 1348 wore on trading continued and by then plague had begun striking populations along the Atlantic and Baltic coasts. Then it traveled across fields and reached people living deep in the interior of their countries (Watts 1). Asia, the Middle East, and Europe were greatly devastated by the plague. There are three types of plague; bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. The first symptoms are headache, nausea, vomiting, and aching joints. The lymph nodes of the groin, armpit, and/or neck become painful and swollen to approximately the size of chicken eggs. The temperature rises to 101-105 degrees Fahrenheit accompanied by chills. The pulse and respiration rate are increased. In nonfatal cases the temperature begins to fall in about five days and becomes normal in two weeks. In fatal cases death results in about four days. In pneumonic plague death usually occurs in two to three days after the first appearance of symptoms. In septicemic plague the victim has a sudden onset of high fever and turns deep purple in several hours, often dying within the same day. The purple color is due to respiratory failure which is where the name "black death" came from (Encarta n.pag.). There were many responses to this epidemic many of which were not scientific. Some believed tha...

Top entrepreneurs and their modern comparisons of leadership styles Research Paper

Top entrepreneurs and their modern comparisons of leadership styles and traits - Research Paper Example Indeed, several types of leadership have been advanced in the study of management as ways and means through which organizations can grow. However, it is normally very difficult to explicitly state whether a particular type of leadership is better than another. In this regard, the success of any leadership style largely depends on the leaders and their perception about the whole subject of management. Proper organizational leadership is best exemplified by the success of Southwest Airlines through its founder and Chief Executive Herb Kelleher. At best Kelleher can be described as a charismatic leader who normally seeks to achieve more. The growth of the airline over the years in the turbulent industry is certainly a clear demonstration of proper leadership at play. The airline has posted profit for a record 26 years which is a clear illustration of the type of proper leadership that Kelleher has always exhibited (Hesselbein & Cohen, 2009). It is imperative to realize that Kelleher has always largely focused on his employees as the greatest determinants of success for the organization. In this regard, he considers the employees as his greatest assets and hence is always at the forefront in addressing employee concerns. The employees at Southwest have therefore developed a sense of warmth and determination that normally originates from the CEO. Southwest is an organization that is basically driven by a very strong organizational culture that focuses on personality and charisma. Unlike many leaders, Kelleher has created an organizational culture that puts employees and not customers as the most important aspect for the organization. In response to many questions why he puts the employees first and not the customers, Kelleher simply argues that when the employees are treated well and are satisfied, they will eventually treat the outside world well. In this regard, the customers, shareholders and other stakeholders of the organization will subsequently benefit from t he ripple effect (Mayo, Nohria & Rennella, 2009). It is fundamental to stress the fact that Kelleher is certainly a charismatic leader. Charismatic leadership normally arises from the ability to command and win the favor of large masses of people. Charismatic leaders normally exhibit some types of popular traits that enable them to command a lot of popular support from the people. Such traits are normally inborn characteristics that enable some people to stay ahead of the park and thereby become good leaders. Max Weber in his study of management basically described three types of authority as normally realized in management. These include rational-legal, traditional and charismatic. He further described charismatic authority as the type of leadership that is mostly driven by the personality of the individual. Kelleher has always taken a form of unique orientation is his style of leadership which serves to demonstrate a clear sense of peculiarity in the way the Southwest has managed to stay profitable even in the face of global challenges that have faced many large corporations across the world (Bennis et al., 2003). No single term can simply describe the style of leadership that has always been exhibited by Kelleher through his years at Southwest. In a way, Kelleher is a clear demonstration of servant-leadership in the way he serves his stakeholders and addresses organizational concerns. In many organizations, the top

Nano Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nano - Assignment Example Tompkins has been titled the CEO because his background closely fits the position. He is likely to be doing more work than the other founders. Since he is doing more work he deserves a different salary and equity level. The other founders are fair with the equity but not fair about the salary that Tompkins receives. The decisions made regarding split equity and compensation is unfair and leaves no room to share equity amongst other employees. Without being able to share equity amongst other employees, the new employees may not be as driven to get the company where it needs to be. The founders are the creators of the company and share in ownership. All though they may share in ownership it does not mean that they should share equity and compensation if there job duties are not the same. A change is equity and compensation needs to be made to create a real fairness and ability to offer equity to other employees. The size of the founding team is five men that are all from the same company. Don Rupert is the head of AMSL. He is a co founder of NanoGene. Will Tompkins is a bio chemist and founder along with three other scientist and biologist. Mark Masterson and Ravi Rhoota were former AMSL scientist and an important asset to NanoGene. Gary Garfield who was also important to NanoGene is a doctor in biology. Each founder is vital to NanoGene in a way that the type of development for NanoGene requires each founder to make it work. Having five founders starting up a company can cause problems early as well as later on in the company life. Having five founders requires the need to receive acceptance from each of the five founders each time an issue arises. It is unlikely that all five founders will agree on each issue. When issues come up of importance it is likely that a vote will need to take place. Being a founder of a company is an important role. Founders are the

Internet gaming is a politically charged issue in the United States Essay

Internet gaming is a politically charged issue in the United States and elsewhere - Essay Example Internet gaming is a politically charged issue in the United States and elsewhere Especially since the Act is only for operators and it doesn’t take into account foreign owned internet games, it isn’t efficient and doesn’t work well. However, the conclusion it seems is to do a cost benefit analysis of its benefits and risks and weigh them against each other to decide and make an informed call as to whether internet gambling should be legal, or regulated. Apart from internet gambling, there are many other types of internet games that have posed problems in the past and present. Casino games and other games left to chance such as the lottery are called ‘games of chance.’ And no federal law specifically prohibits casino games and there are regulations in many states that are pending or have not been passed, and it is allowed openly in Nevada except in the case of non-house banked poker. There are also no open laws in every state against lotteries and therefore they are continued. Other online applications such as Apple’s came on the Iphone based on Foxconn was removed because it led to suicide, and this is an explanation as to why this industry is a politically loaded one. This suicide raised questions about whose responsibility it was; Apple’s because it invented the Iphone and the game? Or the government because it was supposed to enact the laws that weren’t even widely understood? Such issues make it difficult to take these situations in hand especially if it has led to an incident such as a suicide already; then one can only do damage control.

Casino And Gaming Management Tourism Essay

Casino And Gaming Management Tourism Essay In the report, we will introduce a brief history casinos in Victoria Australia, and then, the current state of casino gaming and internal description of casinos will be shown. The advantage and disadvantage of casinos will be discussed in the surrounding community. There is no double that gambling is one of the most popular games in the world. Generally speaking, casino can be found in anywhere in the world. Therefore casino is not only an entertainment place for people but also relevant to the hospitality industry and it is as well as a significant aspect contained by the national finance and economics. Consequently this article will be focus on a casino which is it is in Melbourne and introduce their history, the impacts on casino, the internal description of casino and the advantages and disadvantages of the casino. After that, people will know more about the casino (Crown) in Melbourne. The first legal casino which is wrest point hotel casino locates in Tasmania Australia in 1973, and then government allowed to set up Darwin casino in northern territory in 1979. Focus on 1980s, gold coast, Queensland and Adelaide also opened their first casino at that time. In addition, in 1990s, there are much more casinos opened than before such as Casino in Canberra; star city casino in Sydney and reef hotel casino in cairns Queensland. From 1994 to 1997, Melbourne also was running the first casino Crown casino. In these years, there are 13 casinos in each state and territory of Australia which are running their business, maintain their legislation and policy. These casinos are not only operating in gambling places, but also in hotels, accommodations and entertainment place. Therefore Australia has great economic benefit and employment by these casinos. Current state of casino gaming: Crown casino and entertainment complex is located in Melbourne of the Yarra River, and attracting on average 16 million tourists every year, so it is absolutely one of the largest casinos in Australia. Thus Crown casino is a paradise for gambling, because they are only provide kinds of table gaming such as blackjack, Texas Holdem, craps, baccarat, roulette, Caribbean Stud poker and so on, but also has more than 2,500 slot machines and 350 gaming tables alarming. According to Herald Sun reports, gamblers would lose 100.002 Australian dollars in table game and slot machine each hour. Meanwhile Crown hotel provide many non-gaming services, such as hotel, restaurant, cinema, theatre shows and shopping. Consequently this hotel becomes a centre of entertainment of Melbourne. Casino managers have estimated that one-third of the money from overseas visitors and they have lost 60 million. Consequently the Victoria government as much as 3.13 billion tax from casino and help the government budg et has a surplus. The pokie tax increases 1.7 percent each year for six years beginning this year, resulting in a total tax increase of 10.3 percent by 2015. The full tax will be 32.57 percent at that time. The change will bring more than a$60 million to the government over the next four years and add more than 300 jobs at Crown. (Global Gaming Business, 2009) However, Crown casino like any other casinos, they dont allow people go into the casino if they under 18 and office signs this note in every entrance. Customers should be identified by entry point staff at all entrance 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In addition, Crown casino set up a Responsible Gaming Support Centre (RGSC), which is responsible to be tasked with implementing Crowns responsible service of gambling initiatives and providing a focal point for interacting with customers who may need support. Future capital works projects: Crown Melbourne spends $300 million to build a new hotel on the casino site in 2010. The new hotel will provide 658 rooms and accommodate 340 000 guests every year; 50 exhibition booths, 7 state of the art conference-meeting rooms and an 800-seat Plenary Hall. Crown casino will also upgrade the facilities including live entertainment, restaurants, lighting and color schemes. Therefore the new project will create significant economic benefit for Crown and Melbourne. Casino industry description of Australia: Since 1973, casino has become an important part in Australians life. Therefore in order to attract the visitors to game in their place, besides the existing 13 casinos, the expenditure of casinos grew rapidly from $78.5 million to $2.8 billion which has increase 34.9 percent. So casino industry activates the economic and the travel image of the country. Since 1998-2006, casinos gaming expenditure has stabilized at around $3 billion. They offer more and more thrilling game in the entertainment. In addition, they offer provide many non-gaming activities and facilities such as hotel rooms, restaurant, bars, banquet facilities and theatres. Therefore there are 7.8 billion customers who come from all over the world visited casino in Australia. Consequently this brings a perfect profit for casinos and government. In 2002 to 2008, the revenues increased $3.1 billion to 4.0 billion and the average revenues growth rate of 5.2 percent every year. In a research, there are about $1271 million dollar which has 40 per cent revenue come from table gaming and about $572 million dollar which has 18 per cent come from international VIP customers. Moreover, casinos also create about 19,737 jobs in Australia, and Crown casino is the largest single site employers in Victoria The Commonwealth and local governments won $1.2 billion total taxes from casinos in 2007 to 2008. Particularly, casinos not only need to pay general taxes collected by the different levels of local government on all businesses, casinos usually pay amount of special gambling taxes as well. There are different types of general taxes, which including Goods and Services Tax (GST), firm tax and payroll tax paid by casinos for usual operations. In current situation, Casinos leading the most highly taxed compare with other gaming providers in Australia. Casino paid thirty percent of all income for their taxes to the government in a single year of 2007 to 2008. Few industries can afford to pay so much tax as casino except the industries of tobacco, alcohol and luxury cars. Leading to the casino to pay such high taxes is because the casinos are required to pay a lot of taxation (gambling taxes, license fees and community levies) besides the general taxes by all other industries. Casino Contribution There are plenty of international evidence indicate that casinos contribution to national economic activity is mainly dependent on the casino led to the development of tourism. However, effective research shows that tourism and hotel sector has not been much affected by non-casino facets. The following research report is about the details found in Australian. 1. More than one million overseas tourists visits to Australian casinos and bring a number of 2.4 million consumptions in 2007 to 2008. 2. Overseas tourists who visited Australian casinos bring $4.9 billion total spent with an average of $4940 per tourist, during visits to Australia. This average consume value is in the extreme higher than overseas tourists who did not visited casino during the visit with the average consume value of $2630 per tourist. The total number of gambling consumption by overseas VIP program players is $553 million in the year of 2007 to 2008. It is estimated that casinos has spent a further $65 million to attract VIP program players, these players who are estimated to cost $121 million in Australia on non-casino consumption. 1. It is estimated that export to overseas VIP program players improved gross domestic product (GDP) by $84 million and private consumption by $225 million in year of 2007 to 2008. 2. To keep export of overseas VIP program players at the year of 2007 to 2008 level is prospective to improve Australias private expenditure by $1.8 billion over a decade. Casino employment There are 19 939 people working in Casinos in year of 2007 to 2008. It is making a significant contribution to employment in Australia. Two leading employment casinos are located in Victoria (Crown Melbourne) and WA (Burswood Entertainment Complex) respectively, which employ the largest proportion of employees. Licensed gaming staff is one of most important category in casino operation. There are closely 60 percentage of staff are employed in casino on a full time basis, about 15 percentage employed on a part time basis, and 25 percentage on a casual basis. Disadvantage of Casino industry: Problem Gambling From the Australia Productivity Commissions Inquiry into Australias Gambling Industries in 1999, it is indicating that the following points: 1. About 2.1 percentages of the Australian adults or among 293,000 people have a significant gambling problem. 2. On average around seven other people are affected by a serious problem gamblers behavior. It is around two million Australians. Problem Gambling is clearly a major public health issue in Australia. It is become a problem if someone spends more time or money than they can afford to, or if it is have a negative impact on their relationship. That is why just the minority country legislate the gambling is legal. Crime Rate With the growing of the casino industry, crime becomes another major negative impact. Casino is a place which can make a person bankruptcy in a short time; it may change a person in one night. So, the rate of crime may increase because of these factors. Also, the government adopt a lot, such as increase the number of police on duty at night, but the crime problem still have not work out in a perfect way. Conclusion: In conclusion, this report generally description the casino in Australia with several parts which includes the history of casino gambling, current state of casino, Impact on casino, industry of casino, and the advantages and disadvantages of casino as well. In order to more powerful support of our arguments, this article adopts the resources from Internet, chart and database. Moreover, with the development science and technology, improve the management has become more important to casino to create more entertainment facilities to meet the needs of the people, to stimulate the economy development. However, the industry is also a potential risks (social problems, crime). In order to prevent negative, the government should pay more attention on casino management and restrictions to seek better ways to adjust entertainment and gain enormous profit.

Profile Essays Profile Essays - Grandfather, Grandpa :: Personal Narrative Profile

Profile Essays Profile Essays - Grandfather, Grandpa By definition, my grandfather is handicapped. However, he doesn't act as though he is, and he certainly does not want to be treated in any special way. In fact, most of the handicapped people in society do not appreciate being treated in a way different from anyone else. They just want to be accepted as human beings. Some people become handicapped as a result of an accident. Others are born with their disabilities. My grandfather was asleep one night on a Coast Guard cutter when another ship, a destroyer, appeared in the distance. The destroyer hit my grandfather's ship in the exact spot where he was sleeping. When he awoke, he found himself in the freezing water, watching his friends swim ashore to safety. They were leaving my grandfather there to die. Luckily, an angel in the form of a Coast guard chef rescued him and sought out help. The next thing he knew, he was in a hospital bed without legs (from the kneecap down) and with a broken neck. I admire the fact that my grandfather resumed a normal life-style after being released from the hospital two years after his accident. Not only did he get married, but he raised six children. He used artificial limbs for a number of years while holding a job at IBM. After a while, though, he ceased using them because they felt too unnatural. Now, while enjoying the "retired life," his mode of transportation is a wheelchair. As a young child, I remember how my grandfather's disability affected my life. I don't think that I even knew what the purpose of his wheelchair was. To me, it was just a toy, just another toy that my cousins and I could play with. I almost always received a wheelchair ride around the house. I can't recall my grandpa ever complaining about those long wheelchair journeys down the hall to the bedrooms and the bathroom. I am lucky for such a wonderful role model while growing up.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 28

The three of us tore out of the chapel. As soon as we left the Richards' estate grounds we were plunging through woods. Saplings stung our legs as we pitched downhill through the wet night, and tall pines blocked whatever moonlight might have slipped between the clouds. If we had been human, our feet would have surely skidded on the forest floor of decaying leaves. Unable to see more than a yard or so in front of us we would have crashed into the giant trunk of a tree. Instead, we moved like predators, coursing through the night like vampires had for hundreds of years: streaking through the wilds to the next village of potential victims, chasing down someone who had foolishly separated from the herd and decided to travel at night by himself. It felt good to be racing this way, with a few ounces of human blood zinging through my veins. I was almost able to lose myself in the flight, forgetting about what it was we were fleeing from. Then there was a noise. It started out like the beginning of a long roll of thunder, climbed into a crescendo of inhuman groaning, and ended in a screech of despair. The noise was everywhere, filling our ears, the valley we were descending into, the sky above us. The three of us stopped, startled by the sound. â€Å"Well, I guess the vampire is free,† Damon huffed. â€Å"Margaret – † I began. â€Å"Trust me, she's fine. Did you see what she did to him?† Damon pointed out. â€Å"What is she, though?† I asked. â€Å"A witch.† â€Å"Like Emily?† I wondered, my theory confirmed. Was the world simply full of witches, vampires, demons, and who knows what else, most of which were invisible to human eyes? â€Å"I had a feeling there was something different about her when I couldn't compel her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damon explained. â€Å"So I asked. And she answered. Pretty straightforward, that one.† â€Å"So she†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Cast a protective spell around herself and her family, and was burning his brain meats with some mental ability or other to buy us a little time. Emphasis on the word little,† he added. â€Å"Hope that protective spell is still up.† There was another roar. â€Å"Keep moving,† Lexi ordered, and we began again. The woods grew blacker as if nature herself dreaded his approach, and we could feel the earth tremble with his every footstep. Damon and I leaped over a giant log, and for one fleeting moment our motions were perfectly synchronized. But then the three of us came to skidding halt at the edge of a cliff that looked out over all of upper Manhattan. â€Å"Huh,† my brother said doubtfully, peering over its edge. â€Å"We'll have to find some other way down,† I said, starting to look back the way we came. â€Å"A path, or†¦Ã¢â‚¬  With a cry, Lexi hurled herself over the edge of the cliff. I watched her, wide-eyed with horror. â€Å"Find another way down?† Damon said, shaking his head disappointedly at me. â€Å"Still thinking like a human, brother.† And he dove after her. I swore under my breath, watching him disappear into the branches below. Then I followed. As frightening as that fall was, there was something very freeing about it. I was weightless, swimming through the air. The world whistled through my outstretched fingers and hair. It almost felt as though I were flying. I smashed down through thick leafy canopy and rolled into a ball, eventually coming right side up with a twisted ankle that reset itself almost before I noticed it. Damon and Lexi were standing still. She had her head cocked, listening to the strange quiet we suddenly found ourselves in. â€Å"He lost us,† Damon said, triumphantly. â€Å"He didn't realize we went down the cliff! He's†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"He's in front of us,† Lexi breathed, eyes widening. The silence to the south was in fact complete, as if every living thing had quieted or died. We waited, unsure what to do, though it was hard to say for what. Then came the sound of a single blade of grass bending and breaking. â€Å"RUN!† Lexi screamed. We took off. I made the mistake of looking behind me. What I saw and what I heard didn't match up; on the one hand, it briefly appeared that an older man was following me with surprising swiftness. But the shadow cast by the moonlight was of something far bigger and inhumanly shaped. Bushes and trees fell and crashed out of his way before he even touched them. I doubled my pace. We had no choice but to head south. The woods thinned and civilization began to rear its ugly head: a lonely, last farm, a cluster of abandoned holdings, a large estate, a hotel, dirt roads to paved avenues still crowded with horses and carriages and cabs and people even in the middle of this night. And behind us, gaining power from every shadow through which he passed, was the old one. We turned a corner around a fruit stand, knocking down baskets, and the stench of decay that issued from his raggedy breathing mouth was hot on my neck. We dashed through a slum, avoiding clotheslines and open pits of raw sewage, and he was there, throwing aside things and people to get to us. When we thought we had pulled ahead, twisting through narrow alleys and confusing side streets, we could still feel his Power, his frustration vibrating through the night. Lexi led us, and whether it was her own Power or a familiarity with the city, she managed to find just the right fire escapes to leap to, just the right piles of garbage to roll over. Perhaps this was not the first time she had fled from a demon of this stature. â€Å"The seaport,† she hissed. â€Å"It's our only chance.† Damon nodded, for once having no trouble taking orders from someone else. We made our way to the west, to the avenues bordering the mighty Hudson. Lexi's eyes suddenly narrowed and she pointed. A clipper ship, a pretty shiny blue vessel just pulling away from the dock, filled with all sorts of New York goods to sell overseas. With a mighty leap Lexi cleared the water between the dock and its deck, arms poised in the air like a cat leaping upon its prey. Damon and I followed suit, silently landing on the dark deck. By the time we recovered ourselves she was already compelling a shocked sailor who had seen the manner of our arrival. â€Å"We're on the manifest. My brothers and I have a berth below. We did not just leap aboard†¦.† Damon surveyed the ship with interest, pleased with his new locale. I looked back toward shore. There stood a single, innocuous-seeming man leaning against the rail of the wharf, pale as if he had sucked all the moonlight into himself. He stood casually, like he was just there to watch the ships come and go. But the look in his eyes was deadly and eternal – and unforgiving.

buy custom The Use of Steroids essay

buy custom The Use of Steroids essay Steroids, which may also be termed as the anabolic androgenic steroids bears reference to the hormone testosterone of the male that, are meant for the building of the muscles, enhancement of the performance as well as the improvement of the physical appearance. The anabolic as well as the muscle effect that are associated with the drug are resourceful to the retention of protein in the body of the user. This is a building block that is essential for the development of the body muscles, the skin as well as the bones. The androgenic, also referred to as the muscular effects associated with the drug is a cause of the progression of the males deep voice, the muscle hair, aggressiveness and the facial as well as the body hair. It is however notable that the people who are involved in the abuse of the drug are at a high risk of a wide range of the side effects that are usually unwanted. Most of the unwanted risks are also associated with irreversibility. In the case of the use of injection as a method of application of the drug in to the body there is a high possibility of infection with HIV (Wright Cowart, 1994). The use of steroids in todays society is an issue that is rampart. The stories that are related to the use of steroids have been at the focal point in the media. Their use is commonly reported in most of the professionals taking part ion the baseball players, the cyclists as well as the track stars. These are the most commonly reported cases and some of them have even admitted publicly about their use of steroids in an attempt of achieving an edge in as far as their competitiveness is concerned. The use of the steroids among the athletes is a possible cause of their exclusion from the activities of sport at the time that they are discovered (Wright Cowart, 1994). The problem is specifically serious wih the young people who in most of the situations are exposed to the habit by the members of their peer. The most influential peers are the friend, the acquaintances and the partners in gym. The teenagers in addition to the young adults especially the males who take part in activities such as athletics are particularly exposed to the risks that are associated with the use as well as the abuse of steroids. This is based on they believe that they hold to the effect that steroids contribute in the enhancement of their performance especially during the physical activities ion addition to their general appearance. It is however ironical that the young people are especially exposed to the risks that contribute to significant harm in as far as their bodies are concerned (Wright Cowart, 1994). As an irony, the teens expose themselves to a situation of risk in relation to causing substantial harm in as far as their health is concerned. This is also accompanied with an irreversible situation of a transformation of their appearance in a manner that they may least anticipate. The effects are epitomized in acne, a growth that is stunted, and the assumption of the characteristics of female in young male accompanied by the characteristics of male in young girls. The extent of the research that has so far been conducted reveals the fact that the earlier the onset of the use of the drug, the higher iss the likelihood of indulgence in the experimentations with other drugs of similar kind. The use of steroids is either in an oral form in the form of tablets or even the use of intramuscular injections. The use of the steroids is in most of the cases based on hearsay as well as gossip with respect to the determination of the most appropriate dosage that is associated with an appreciable extent of safety. In the case of the abuse of the drug, the victim usually use to the extent of using a great number of milligramss of the dose on a daily basis who is consequently not a safe level. The actual prescription of the doctor is in the extent of as little as 1 5 milligram on a daily basis in the case that the use of the drug is legitimate. Some untrue assumptions however arises to the effect that the use of high levels of the drug is consequential to some results that are favorable. This therefore leads to the use of a combination of the drug by the users which results to the phenomena that is identified as the stacking. The use of the drug in such cases is usually based on cy cles in which case the drug is commonly used for a period of up to 6 extending to 12 weeks with a time punctuation of refraining from the use of the drug (Wright Cowart, 1994). This is done for the purpose of the avoidance of a situation of building tolerance. There are various degrees of problems that are associated with the use of steroids. Most of the adolescents are usually at high risk in as far as the behavior is concerned. There is a high possibility that they may loose some interests on the activities on daily basis in addition to incidences of energy loss as well as boredom. They are also in a position of experiencing some difficult times in the course of the limitation of the use of the drug. They are also prone to develop some tolerance to the use of steroids calling for the use of huge amounts of the drug in order to achieve the effects that are associated with muscle building. They are also likely to develop some problems that are associated with work in addition to the relationships with other people. The use of steroids is also a possible cause of the phenomena that is identified as the male anorexia in which case the victims are exposed to an experience of dissatisfaction in as far as their image of the body is concerned an d fail to notice the changes that evident in the rest of the people (Wright Cowart, 1994). Buy custom The Use of Steroids essay

Homicide essays

Homicide essays Homicide is defined as the taking of a persons life by another human being. There are five different types of homicide that have similarities and differences from each other that I am going to explain. There are many circumstances in determining what kind of homicide has occurred. Some of those circumstances include whether the crime was intentional, the age of the offender, the motive of the offender and the emotions that the offender is experiencing before the act was committed. According to the Bureau of Justice, the homicide rate doubled from the mid 1980s to the late 1990s. In the 1980s, the homicide rate reached its highest rate at 10.2 per 100,000, and decreased to 7.9 per 100,000 in 1985. In the late 1980s and the early 1990s, the homicide rate increased to 9.8 per 100,000. Ever since, the rate has noticeably declined, down to 5.5 per 100,000 by the year 2000. As a result of writing this paper I will define, differentiate and explain the types of homicide, how the homicide is committed, and the consequences of committing the homicide, and give examples and court cases involving the homicide. The reader will gain valuable information about these crimes and their penalties that can be helpful in the future or in a career. The first type of homicide is involuntary manslaughter. Involuntary manslaughter is the unintentional killing of another human being, during a commission of an unlawful act committed illegally or with gross negligence, without malice or intent. Malice is ill will, an intention to cause injury on another person. An example of involuntary manslaughter would be; if someone consumed enough alcohol to impair their driving abilities and tried to drive their car home, hitting somebody while they were crossing the street and killing that person. Involuntary manslaughter is a class 5 felony. Donald Tucker of Rowan County, MD was convicted of involuntary mansl...

Anthro 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthro 101 - Essay Example So little is known about Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus that it is challenging to place it conclusively on the tree. Sahelanthropus was discovered by Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye in 2001 in Chad, in the southern Sahara desert. Sahelanthropus has small brain size, brow ridges and small canine teeth, which are characteristic of later hominids. Ardipithecus discovered by a team led by Tim White, Berhane Asfaw and Gen Suwa in the years 1992 and 1993 in Ethiopia. Ardipithecus is a spectacularly complete fossil with about 120 cm (311") tall and weighs about 50 kg (110 lbs). In August 1995, Meave Leakey, a zoologist at the National Museums of Kenya and her colleagues reported the discovery of hominids from the Lake Turkana region in northern Kenya. These finds, predominantly from the site of` Kanapoi, range in age from 3.9 to 4.2 million years and consist mostly of, teeth and jaws, They show strong similarities with A. afarensis but the Kanapoi hominids are characterized by a series of anatomical features that distinguish them as a new species. A. anamensis. Although characters such as tooth formation and the propping of the frontal part of the jaw are dissimilar in these two species, the more primeval character state in Australopithecus anamensis makes it a good ancestor to Australopithecus afarensis. Australopithecus afarensis was discovered by Donald Johanson in 1973 at Hadar in Ethiopia. It was an adult female of about 25 years. Her pelvis, femur (the upper leg bone) and tibia show her to have been bipedal. She was about 107 cm (36") tall (small for her species) and weighed about 28 kg (62 lbs) From the figure above, Australopithecus anamensis is judged to be a sole ancestor to Paranthropus aethiopicus and robustus, and because they both displays a host of features derived in the robust direction, they are not viewed as an

Research Diary 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Research Diary 5 - Essay Example I therefore, think that by correctly addressing the letter and using language that is non-offending and is able to send the desired message are important principles of writing business letters. Using rhetoric approach in business writing has emerged as critical issue because it exploits the tenets of human psychology to ensure that the basic purpose of writing business letter is accomplished with high success. Rhetoric enables individuals to use persuasive language that adds to the effectiveness of written discourse. According to Aristotle, the three appeals of rhetoric are ethos, pathos and logos (2011). Ethos conveys writer’s credibility, pathos appeals emotionally and logos use rationalization to emphasize their points. The three paradigms of writing are therefore vital ingredients that significantly lend credibility to the writer and the written discourse. Consequently, business writing exploits rhetoric principles to communicate effectively one’s intended message to persuade the reader and exhort desired response. These are essential benefits of rhetoric approach in business writing. The various methods of persuasion become highly crucial imperatives as they tend to provide information and send appeal in manner that clearly rationalizes the issues so that reader is convinced. If the business letter lacks conviction and strong logical explanations, the reader is not able to understand the points raised and fails to respond appropriately or as desired. Thus, the very purpose of writing business letter fails and writer is not able to achieve his/her goal. As such, effective business writing becomes important for communicating the desired message in manner that requires least effort in understanding the core issue by the reader/ audience. The success of project completion relies heavily on effective teamwork and strong communication channels within team members.

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Article Critique - Essay Example The Great Conversation is a means to involve community in the educational process. It consists of two different tracks: informal and formal. Vollmer cites the remarkable progress in relations achieved using the Great Conversation in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Kentucky. However, he does not give the details of these three situations. He merely makes a few vague comments about the schools systems and their relationship to the public. One of the major drawbacks of the article is that Vollmer largely ignores the informal track of the Great Conversation. While he admits that the focus of his article is the formal track, he devotes only three short paragraphs to the informal track. If an approach to public relations involves two main tracks, an article should address both equally in order to create a balanced view. Vollmer seems to bias the article toward the formal track. Vollmer uses the last half of his article to explaining the formal track of the Great Conversation. ... The most obvious errors in the article are two. Firstly, the major obstacle to creating public relations programs between schools and the community is a lack of time on the part of both parties. Vollmer never addresses how the Great Conversation solves this fundamental problem. If anything, the article points out that public relations programs are almost impossible to create due to the time commitment needed on both sides. Secondly, and most importantly, author Jamie Vollmer is president of Vollmer, Inc., a public education advocacy firm focusing on increasing community involvement in education. Clearly, he has bias in relation to the subject about which he is writing. His firm exists to help schools create and maintain public relations programs. Additionally, the firm sells certain approaches to public relations to school districts. There can be little doubt that Vollmer sells a package that includes the Great Conversation. Finally, as Vollmer is president of the firm, he is respons ible for the financial health of the organization. This fact means that he must sell his firm’s product, and this article is an advertisement for his firm. I feel that public relations programs are important for school success to a limited degree. The success of a school can be impacted by the amount of involvement from the community. However, in my experience, the most important involvement is individual, i.e. between parents and teachers. The intrusion of business into schools is detrimental as it affects the operation and goals of the school. Also, the general public does not understand the workings of the educational system and often public relations programs spend the majority of their time

Introduction to Environmental Health and Risk Assessment Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Environmental Health and Risk Assessment Essay Asbestos is considered a Public health hazard. As such there have been a number of scientific measures adopted to manage this risk to environmental health and safety. In this discussion the author would advance that the best way to manage asbestos is by applying the asbestos code designed for that particular location. It is believed to be safe since it is a code which has been researched prior to its design and many of the major risk factors were considered. It follows distinct guides such as ‘elimination/removal (most preferred); isolation/enclosure/sealing; engineering controls; safe work practices (administrative controls); personal protective equipment (PPE) (Asbestos control measures, 2010). As it pertains to this project the risk management plan to be adopted is the elimination and removal option which would be discussed in more detail. Justification for the decision In order to justify why it is believed that the elimination and removal option is the best under any circumstances to mange asbestos risks ,the reader must understand what it really does. First the removal has to be conducted by a certified environmentalist who is knowledgeable in the practice and would conduct the process according to the environmental heath and safety code pertaining to that procedure. Therefore, it excludes the infiltration of a novice undertaking the risk management technique. Asbestos is a very serious environmental hazard as such any attempts at control must be scientifically monitored. As was previously mentioned these are scientific interventions which are implemented after decades of well evaluated research, ‘environmental data, community health concerns and health outcome data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. nvironmental data are reviewed to determine whether people in the community might be exposed to hazardous materials from the NPL facility. ’ (ATSDR, 2009). The removal boundaries are carefully defined; security signs and appropriate displays are erected for the public to recognize that the environment is being targeted for asbestos removal. This protects the community during the process since they would not enter the dangerous boundary zones. It is total illumination. Besides; the electrical equipment are removed and all appliances which are used to provide electrical power must be turned off. These add to the asbestos risk when elimination and removal are done. It cannot be overemphasized that this ensures complete elimination and security after the process is completed. Hence, here is the justification that this is the best option for removing both friable and non friable asbestos. It is highly recommended as a risk management device. How will elimination and removal provide a greater amount of protection from the inherent risks associated with Asbestos? Obviously, it is irradiation of the risk itself. It is like conducting a root cause analysis whereby the foundation of the factor is upturned to ensure that is has been destroyed completely. Isolation/enclosure/sealing; engineering controls; safe work practices (administrative controls); personal protective equipment (PPE) (Asbestos control measures, 2010) are all palliative measures. These do not stand the test of time because they act simply as control measures. There is still asbestos in the atmosphere. Of major significance is that the effects of asbestos do not manifest immediately. It takes years. During that time no one knows how effective these control measure might be. There is never a sure way of evaluating their true effectiveness until an entire community becomes ill from this exposure which was supposed to be controlled. Therefore, it is the author’s belief that the best ways to avoid any predisposed effects and provide optimum safety is by elimination and removal. An Outline of the selected method used to evaluate results of the option chosen to implement Asbestos risk management. The implementation task in itself offers a process of evaluation which is to determine the presence of asbestos in the air after the elimination process has been completed. This is a scientific evaluation. There are mainly three types of asbestos. Prior to the elimination procedure the environmentalist would have evaluated the types to determine whether it was white (chsorile); blue (crocidolite) or brown (amosite). The Environmental Protective Agency (EPA) has devised a scientific methodology to evaluate asbestos removal. It has been researched and found to be an appropriate measuring instrument. This entails the adoption of an alternative test which will evaluate the removal procedure used to determine how effective it was in estimating how much asbestos was really removed. Precisely, it attempts to remove some types of asbestos harbored in buildings. The interior of the building is wet, and then demolished without excluding whatever other types of asbestos may be present. Enough water is applied to trap any asbestos which might have escaped the initial reatment. This exercise is monitored and the amount of asbestos present in the atmosphere is evaluated. It is usually tested against a previously conducted irradiation treatment. (U. S Environmental Protection Agency. Asbestos Project Plan, 2010) This is a feasible way of evaluating the results of a previously conducted asbestos removal exercise. The environmentalists can also re-measure the asbestos content scientifically. However, this method even evaluates the specific instrument used and just not the degree of substances removed.

J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter Series :: Harry Potter Series

Thus far in Rowling’s predicted seven book series, all four books can be found to have a number of shared themes that are rather evident in all of them. The most evident, however, would be that things in the land of Harry Potter are not always what they seem, and in order to get along well in this land, you must accept the differences of others. Harry’s life for his first few years could be categorized under both of these themes. Harry, after all, is always having bizarre things happen at the most inopportune moments; his aunt, uncle, and cousin (the Dursleys) are definitely less than accepting of this, resulting in a very poor relationship between Harry and them (The Sorcerer’s Stone 18-24). Throughout the other four books this inacceptance of Harry’s differences by the Dursleys always leaves Harry with a burning desire to get back to Hogwarts. Harry, as a result of this poor home life, adjusts rather easily to his newly found life of wizardry. For him it is finally an explanation for the odd occurrences of before, and gives him a chance to be among others like him. The themes present themselves in a variety of other characters and situations as well. The character of Hagrid, for example, which upon first description should lead one to believe he is the fiercest creature alive; he is definitely to be avoided (The Sorcerer’s Stone 14, 46-47). On the contrary though, Harry, Ron, and Hermione look past this and find a friend and protector. Harry’s godfather is also believed to be a creature, of sorts, â€Å"out to get† Harry. However, he turns out to be there to protect him, as well. As for situations, each book revolves around a mystery with so many twists and turns, that the final solution for it is almost always a surprise. In The Sorcerer’s Stone, for example, the reader is lead to believe that Professor Snape is the one helping the dark lord, Voldemort, do harm to Harry and steal the stone; in the end, the reader finds the guilty party in the most unlikely character, meek, stuttering Professor Quirrell (288). In The Chamber of Secrets, Hogwarts is suddenly plagued by students turning to stone. The initial belief is that Draco Malfoy is the culprit, then the blame shifts to Hagrid, and even Harry becomes a suspect.

Linguistics and Language Teaching. Essay

Introduction Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called linguistics. Linguistic theory has traditionally considered native speakers as the only reliable source of linguistic data (Chomsky 1965). It is therefore not surprising to ? nd only a limited number of works focusing on non-native speakers prior to the 1990s. The ?  rst attempt to put‘(non)nativism’ onto the centre stage of linguistic inquiry by challenging current undisputed assumptions on the matter was Paikeday’s (1985) The native speaker is dead , in which it is argued that the native speaker ‘exists only as a ? gment of linguist’s imagination’ (Paikeday 1985: 12). Paikeday suggested using the term ‘pro? cient user’ of a language to refer to all speakers who can successfully use it. A few years later, Rampton (1990) similarly proposed the term ‘expert speaker’ to include all successful users of a language. Davies (1991, 2003) further delved into ‘native speaker’ identity, and thus formulated the key question of whether a second language (L2) learner can become a native speaker of the target language. His conclusion was that L2 learners can become native speaker of the target language and master the intuition, grammar, spontaneity, creativity, pragmatic control, and interpreting quality of ‘born’ native speakers. Generally, English educated Malaysians of all ethnic and family language background speak and move alike. However, with the implementation of the national language policy of Bahasa Malaysia as the national language of Malaysia and as the language of instruction, (except in the cases of Chinese or Tamil medium primary schools), the status of English Language in Malaysia is different from the earlier years. The English language covered a continuum from first language through second language to a foreign language. Bahasa Malaysia is replacing English in most of its previous functions, but English may be expected to remain as a continuum from second language to foreign language according to the background and occupation of the speaker. In Malaysia, presently the use of English is less common than in Singapore and is likely to decrease steadily with the implementation of the national language policy. However, English still remains as a language of considerable importance and is still being used in various spheres of everyday activity. The role of English has changed from its earlier status as the precise language of the colonial era and the decades after the Second World War to a second language. At the moment, it is still considered as an international code to be used for diplomatic and commercial negotiations and as a language necessary in many fields of tertiary study and research. Not surprisingly, the non-native English language speakers among Malaysians make grammatical mistakes from time to time. These usually happened among Malaysian adult students and even among some Malaysian English teachers. 1. The transcript of a recorded conversation. The following excerpt is a recorded conversation among teachers and will be analysed of the mistakes made by some teachers during discussion. Our discussion was on the quality and effectiveness of a programme called ‘Program Penutur Jati’ or English Language Teacher Development Project (ELTP). Briefly, the aim of the project is to enhance the lower primary ESL teachers’ ability to plan and deliver quality English lessons based on the new National English Language Curriculum in 600 schools across East Malaysia. The teachers involved in discussion come from various races, ethnic groups, ages and teaching experiences. Kamel : That is my opinion. I don’t know yours. Ok. Chairperson : I agree †¦. laugh Kamel : But , as I said just now. I don’t like that the fixture.. ok. For example aaaa as my mentor come to our school .. every Monday ok.. my class start at nine o’clock†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. 30.. that mean one and half hour include the preparation for my lesson, so I don’t think that I have an ample time for me to prepare the things†¦ ok . Moreover, the one hour and one and half hour is the .. for all to prepare.. the whole week not only , the one day. So I don’t think that will be effective. Chairperson: Emmmm Kamel : So Chairperson : Did you tell him about it? Kamel: Aaaaaa†¦ So far not yet. Chairperson : Do you have the chance to talk about it. Kamel : Because, I don’t have any.. I don’t have the opportunity to.. Chairperson : Then, you should tell him. Kamel ; I was thinking. Why don’t the mentors like them to be .. have qualification in teaching, so that they can come to the trainee teachers training college rather than†¦ Chairperson : For your information, ahh Chairperson : Overall, it seems to be working with you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Naga : The ideas (cough)†¦ is good and different†¦ he is friendly. Chairperson : So.. ahh. If supposing .. You have a mentor to this.. who doesn’t speak.. doesn’t speak like Morrocan. Alright Naemah : Yehhh Chairperson: Right.. Alright, if.. Chairperson: Who? Chairperson : Madam Soya? She is from where? Others : Bulgaria.. (together) Chairperson : Bulgaria? Does she have the accent? Chairperson: What do you think? Do you think†¦ | 2. Common grammatical mistakes and errors by non-native English speakers. The types of errors can be categorised into two: descriptive and surface structures. Descriptive errors include noun phrase, verb phrase and complex sentence. While surface structure errors include omission, addition, misinformation, misordering and blends. After analysing the recorded conversation, there are few mistakes or errors made by Mr. Kamel during the said discussion. a. The use of unmarked forms instead of marked forms is far more frequent, as can be seen in the examples as follows. * I don’t know yours. * I don’t know about you. * .. as I said just now. * .. as I have said just now. One possible cause of these errors is merely interlingual errors which is the result of mother tongue influences ‘Saya tak tahu awak punya’ and ‘†¦ seperti yang saya kata tadi. ’ respectively. In his article, ‘A Role for the Mother Tongue’ in ‘Language Transfer in Language Learning’, Professor Corder (1981) reinvestigated the phenomenon and questions the term ‘transfer’. He suggests that mother tongue influence as a neutral and broader term to refer to what has most commonly been called transfer. Corder says that since most studies of error were made on the basis of the performance of learners in formal situations where it appears that errors related to mother tongue are more frequent, it was natural that an explanation of the phenomenon was of considerable concern to the applied linguistic. It was out of this concern that the whole industry of contrastive studies arose. He also claims that as far as the acquisition of syntactic knowledge is concerned, no process appropriately called interference takes place, if by that we mean that the mother tongue actually inhibits, prevents, or makes more difficult the acquisition of some feature of the target language. The term ‘interference’ is now most often used to mean what is no more than the presence in the learner‘s performance in the target language of mother-tongue-like features which are incorrect according to the rules of the target language. b. Obviously. Mr. Kamel has the problem in pronouncing certain words especially in the pronunciation of the initial sound of common words like the, there, then and that. It is also the middle consonant sound in feather and the final sound of bathe. These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. The initial sound of that and the final sound of both are both voiceless dental. This problem arises because Mr Kamel’s tongue is not merely touches the teeth. Thus, his pronunciation of these particular words are incorrect. Besides, difficulty in phonology can caused by mother tongue interference. Eltrug (1984) affirmed that mother tongue interference can contribute to a large number of pronunciation errors made by students. An English sound does exist in the native language, but not as separate phonemes. This simply means the first language speakers do not perceive it as a distinct sound that makes difference to meaning. For example The sound /? / does exist in Malay, but whether the vowel is long or short does not make any difference in meaning. For instance, the English phonemes/? / and /i:/ differ very much in meaning as in the words ‘leave’ and ‘live’, ‘sheep’ and ‘ship’. The great amount of vocabulary of English really makes the second language learner suffer in reading. There is a lot of words unknown and the most confusing point is even the second language learner know the meaning but they can’t really understand the meaning of the whole sentence. It is because an English word gives different impressions in different situations. This makes things so confusing about the meaning of the word. Grammatical interference is defined as the first language influencing the second in terms of word order, use of pronouns and determinants, tense and mood. Interference at a lexical level provides for the borrowing of words from one language and converting them to sound more natural in another and orthographic interference includes the spelling of one language altering another. In Malay grammar, it does not require one to have any form of determiner in front of instruments like computer, piano, internet. English grammar, however, requires the instruments mentioned above (computer, piano, internet) to be preceded by determiners and if neither a possessive determiner nor a demonstrative determiner is used, the use of either a definite article or an indefinite article is necessary. Thus, the ungrammatical sentences in could be the result of interference of the cultural transfer from Malay language structure on English. Erroneous form| Correct form| She plays piano while I sing. Malay: Dia bermain piano sementara saya menyanyi. | She plays the piano while I sing | She stay at home. Malay : Dia tinggal di rumah | She stays at home. | Table 1 : Examples of interference from the learners’ first language. c. Subjects also exhibited errors in subject-verb agreement as is shown in the examples as follows: * Every Monday, my class start at nine o’clock†¦. * Every Monday, my class starts at nine o’clock†¦. The omission of â€Å"-s† can be attributed to the fact that Bahasa Malaysia does not require verbs to agree with subjects. However, the ending free form is generalised for all persons to make the learning task easier and this is a common intralingual made by people with diverse native languages like Mr Kamel. 3. Causes and sources of errors and mistakes Interlingual errors are the result of mother tongue influences. Learners transfer/borrow some forms but not others due to two factors such as proto-typicality and language distance (Kellerman, 1979). Malay learners of English commonly make errors in negative sentences. For example: Adryna no coming today. [Adryna tak datang hari ini. ] Such errors are common in pre-verbal negation using no, the same negative construction as in their L1. In order to determine whether transfer is the cause for the occurrence of errors, James (1998), demonstrates that learners with a particular L1 make an error that those with a different L1 do not. He provides a useful summary of these strategies which includes the following; a. False analogy b. Misanalysis c. Incomplete rule application exploiting redundancy d. Overlooking co-occurrence restrictions e. System-simplification It is not clear which strategy is responsible for a particular error. Errors can also be viewed as ‘natural’ or as ‘induced’. For example: a. He played football yesterday. b. He goed home at six. c. He drinked milk. d. He eated dinner. e. He sleeped at eight. Conclusion To conclude, learners’ errors are a part of the learners’ language learning process. Hence, teachers should not penalise students for the errors they made. Instead, teachers should note those errors and devise ways to assist learners to overcome their problems in language learning. It is difficult to decide whether grammatically or acceptability should serve as the criterion for error analysis. If grammatically is chosen, an error can be defined as ‘breach of the rule of the code’ (Corder, 1967). Defining errors in terms of grammatically also necessitates giving consideration to the distinction between overt and covert error: In the field of methodology, there are two schools of thought with regard to learners’ error. Firstly, the school which maintains that if we were to achieve a perfect teaching method, the errors would have never be committed and therefore the occurrence of errors is merely a sign of inadequacy in our teaching techniques. The philosophy of the second school is that we live in an imperfect world and consequently errors will always occur in spite of our very best teaching and learning  methods. One effect has been perhaps to shift the emphasis away from a preoccupation with teaching towards a study of learning. The differences between the two are clearly defined: that the learning of the mother tongue is natural, whereas, we all know that there is no such inevitability about the learning of a second language; that the learning of the mother tongue is part of the whole maturational process of the child, whilst learning a second language normally begins only after the maturational process is complete. A child’s incorrect utterances can be interpreted as being evidence that he is in the process of acquiring language and the errors provide these evidences. Brown and Frazer (1964), point out that the best evidence a child possesses construction rules is the occurrence of systematic errors, since when the child speaks correctly, it is quite possible that he is only repeating something that he has heard. In the case of the second language learner, it is known that we do know some knowledge of what the input has been which we call as the syllabus. The simple fact of presenting a certain linguistic form to a learner in the classroom does not necessarily qualify it for the status of input, for the reason that input ‘is what goes in’, not ‘what is available’ for going in, and we may reasonably suppose that it is the learner who controls this input. This may well be determined by the characteristics of his language acquisition mechanism and not by those of the syllabus. References Mariam Mohd Nor, Abdul Halim Ibrahim, Shubbiah, R (2008). OUM-Linguistics and Language Teaching. Seri Kembangan, Selangor. Open University Malaysia. Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learners’ errors. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5, 161-70. Corder, S. P. (1981). Error analysis and interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ames, C. (1998). Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. London: Longman. Kellerman, E. (1979). Transfer and non-transfer: Where are we now? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2: 37-57. Eltrug, N. S. (1984). Analysis of the Arab Learners’ Errors in Pronunciation of English Utterances in Isolation and Context. Ph. D Dissertation. The University of Kansas. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Paikeday, T. (1985). The native speaker is dead! Toronto: Paikeday Publishing. Rampton, M. B. H. (1990). Displacing the ‘native speaker’: Expertise, af? liation, and inheritance. ELT Journal 44. 2, 97–101. Davies, A. (1991). The native speaker in applied linguistics . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Davies, A. (2003). The native speaker of World Englishes. Journal of Pan-Paci? c Association of Applied Linguistics 6. 1, 43–60